Disastrous success prompt Essay

Success does not last forever and problems still arise even after achieving it. Unfortunately, it is a common misapprehension that achieving success will solve every difficulty in life, which is why many strive to achieve it. Success is only a brief moment where one has reached his or her goals in life through hard work and perseverance. There is no guarantee that no problems will exist in one’s life after attaining success. In fact, success could also lead to a disaster and detrimental consequences. Some events that took place during World War II are perfect examples of the above. The misunderstanding of many is that achieving success is the resolution to every problem. Regrettably, if that was the case, we would live in a perfect world. The old saying, â€Å"be careful what you wish for† could apply here as a disclaimer to succeeding because it very well could be disastrous. Adolf Hitler would be a perfect example of disastrous success. Before World War II, he drove the Nazi Party to its pinnacle during the Great Depression in Germany. He promised Germans to regain all the land lost in World War I, to purify the German race and eradicate all Jews, and to bring Germany out of the depression. His success in the country proved to be extremely catastrophic for the Jews. During the war, Hitler ordered the extermination of the Jewish race. By the end of the war he had massacred 11,000,000 people. His success was the tragedy, suffering, and death of numerous Jews. Also, when he lost the war and was captured and died, it led Germany to another period of anarchy and another change in government. Another example that would relate to ruinous success, also from World War II, would be from the end of the war when Germany had surrendered to US forces but Japan would not. To get Japan to surrender, a group a scientists used Albert Einstein’s theories to create the first ever atomic bomb. The scientists knew the damaging effects of the bomb’s success but still allowed its use on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to get Japan to surrender. Even though the bomb was effective and allowed the US and allied forces to win the war, it massacred countless lives and devastated two major cities. Unfortunately, the creation of the atomic bomb led to the Cold War, the Nuclear Arms Race, and the creation of numerous nuclear weapons. Even though the bomb was successful in its immediate purpose, it became a leeway to the invention of many other deadly weapons. All in all, success can become very disastrous even though many perceive it as a positive event in life. Hitler’s reign on Germany and the invention of the atomic bomb both demonstrate the devastating effects of success. It can either be help or hindrance in life. Therefore, one must be mindful of the long lasting negative consequences of one’s success.

The Importance of Leadership in the Organizatio

In every organization, whether small or large-scale, there is an unambiguous need for a leader. This leader is usually the owner or manager of the business but in some instances may also be an employee who possesses the ability to influence the actions of his or her co-workers. Effective leadership generally makes for a successful business organization. Conversely, the absence of, or ineffective use of leadership can have dire consequences on the organization for without leadership, organizations may move too slowly, stagnate, or lose their way. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement† (Stogdill, 1950, p. 3). Hogan et al (1994) posit that leadership is persuasion not domination, and so true leadership only occurs when others willingly adopt the goals of a group as their own. In a group setting, the individuals who make up the group all have different experiences, values, beliefs and needs. As such, they all have unique views of the world and will support differing ideas. The role of the leader in these instances is to point the individuals of the group in the same direction and harness their efforts jointly. The leader must ensure that each member of the group has an equal opportunity to express their thoughts and ideas. Therefore, a successful and effective leader must be patient and open-minded. If employees perceive that the leader is being unfair or biased, conflict will arise as they (the employees) react to the perceived injustices. It is important to note that the positions of manager and leader are entirely different. Leaders develop visions and drive changes while managers monitor progress and solve problems (Zalenik, 1977). However, sound leadership is a key skill which all managers should possess. A manager can not effectively perform his duties without the ability to lead the individuals in the organization. A leader must be someone respected and looked up to by those in the organization. Thus, the employees will freely follow the path charted by the leader in order to achieve organizational goals. Moreover, a well-liked leader usually means that employees are satisfied with their job environment and are therefore more motivated and determined to see a task or project through to the end. Employees who feel appreciated in the organization usually display a higher quality of work and also higher levels of productivity are also associated with workers who favour their leader. On the other hand, ineffective leadership can result in reduced motivation and dissatisfaction of employees. Unclearly defined goals and an unsatisfactory work environment, symptoms of improper leadership result in frustrated workers which will eventually result in workers exiting the workplace or neglecting their duties. As a result the output efficiency of the organization suffers and its yield will decline.

A Study on the Cultural Connotation of Chinese Dishes and Their Translation

China is renowned for its unique dishes. Nowadays tasting Chinese dishes has become an important element for foreigners to know better about China. Although a lot of restaurants have their English versions of menus today, those translations are not so satisfying. It occurs too often that many foreigners feel confused while they are looking through the menus. Why is it so difficult to translate Chinese dishes into English and how is it translated into sound English versions to fit the fine Chinese dishes? To find the answers is the main purpose of this paper which focuses on the cultural connotation of Chinese dishes and their translation. In our study of translating Chinese dishes, we should first know well about what the criteria for translation are. In Guo Junxia’s ( ) article, I get the information as the following: the three characters, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance formulated by Yan Fu in his Introductory Remarks are thought of and supported as the one and only maxim all translators must absorb (qtd. In Guo Junxia,258). So when we translate Chinese dishes into English, we should take these three criteria into consideration. When I search for the materials on this study, I find that many people have been engaged in this study and have brought forward many strategies on it. Literal translation is a strategy frequently used in translating Chinese dish names. When the target reader understands the information in the source text easily and clearly, the dish names maybe translated literally. However, the Chinese strive for elegance when they name the dishes, so a word-for-word translation may lead to misunderstanding, puzzlement or even embarrassment. The best way to avoid invalid translation is to paraphrase (namely, free translation) it. Transliteration is involved in the strategies as well, making the local characteristic of the dish and its connection with a certain person more prominent( ). Many experts have referred to the strategies of translating Chinese dishes like above, and some gave more details or other different opinions. In Feng Qinghua ( ) and Mu Lei’s ( ) book, they gave details on how to translate Chinese dishes by using the strategies of literal translation and free translation. 1. Literal translation: cooking method(s)+ major ingredient(s) 2. Literal translation + explanations 3. Free translation: 1. Major ingredient(s)+ with+ sauce 2. Sauce+ major ingredient(s) 4. Transliteration+ explanation(s) They also said sometimes we can translate Chinese dishes by using the names with which Westerners are very familiar, making the translation more real and understandable (241). Although their strategies are very detailed, the examples they gave may make us frustrated. In their book, one dish is taken for example to explain one strategy, but then the same dish will be also mentioned in another strategy. Lu Hongmei ( has put forward a similar opinion, but she added one point: how to translate the pharmaceutical dishes. When translate this kind of dishes, the translators should translate both the ingredients and cooking methods, as well as the explanations on its functions (128). Sometimes when the translators translate the Chinese dishes by using literal translation, the beauty of original version will get lost. What should we do to deal with this problem? As Li Zubing’s ( ) has states in his essay, when translate Chinese dishes, translators should integrate the â€Å"format† with â€Å"meaning† very well, but it is not always that easy. Nevertheless, the translator should always gain an idea that the content is invariably superior to the format. To translate the principal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting and ways of cooking always rank as the priority in the list, just as Westerns do, letting the dinning people know what taste these dishes are (65). I prefer his idea because I believe that until others understand what the meaning you convey is, then it is possible that they can get the further information behind the words. In Zhu Chunlin’s ( essay, he has explained the strategies from another standpoint. He said there are two strategies of translating Chinese dishes, namely, the first one is perfect translation, and the other one is adequate translation. The perfect translation means the translated version is only to convey the original information, regardless of the story or history hidden behind it. When translate Chinese dishes, the translator only needs to translate the pr incipal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting, and ways of cooking, etc. By contrast, the adequate translation, as Li Zubing explained, requires the translator to yield up the format, but instead, to keep the content (187). As to the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, which are connected with history, legend, fairy tales, and so on, many scholars have presented different opinions on the strategies of translation. Yang Qunyan ( ) has explained that if the Chinese dished are translated literally or paraphrased, the cultural connotations embedded in them will be lost. So the translator should provide some background information as well (66). Although it is reasonable to give more information to better understand the dishes, the room of the menu does not permit to admit too many words. When we are in this kind of dilemma, we should add the background information selectively according to different dishes. Just as Xie Xianze ( ), Pan Yanqiang ( ), and Du Li (? ?)have stated in their essay, the primary thing of translating Chinese dishes is the conciseness. When translate the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, the translator needs to provide some explanations on them. However, different explanations should be given according to their different names, and the co-authors have classified them into two categories. For the dishes of requiring little explanations, the translator should only translate the principal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting, and ways of cooking, etc, and then add their pinyin and literal meaning in parenthesis. As for the dishes requiring more explanations, the stories of the dishes should be added after the names, or, the waiters can explain to the dinning persons when they are looking through the menu (72). Zheng Jinhuai ( )has given more details on the strategies of translating Chinese dishes. He offered his analysis on the characteristics of naming Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, and gave three main strategies to translate them, and the translator can use them accordingly. Firstly, when the dishes involve the historical persons, stories, legend, etc, the literal translation can be used and further explanations should be added. Then, when the dishes involve the places, the translator had better choose the strategy of literal translation. Lastly, when the dishes relate to figures, shape, color, culinary jargon, best wishes and expectations, and imagination, etc, the free translation is the best choice (90). My essay will put forward to my strategies after analyzing the characteristics of naming Chinese dishes. Additionally, we should take account of the cultural differences. As Li Yuqing ( ) said in her essay, the translated versions can sometime arises a cross-language and cross-cultural problem. We should take into consideration whether the translations ate culturally acceptable to foreigner or not. After all, it is suggested that we should follow the principles of stability and consistency in cuisine naming and its translation, trying our best to translate the refined and graceful cuisine names in the foreign language by keeping their original cultural connotation (98). For this paper, many strategies will be put forward, including the literal translation and free translation; especially the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation. This paper will pick up many typical Chinese dishes to exam the strategies from various aspects. Where can I get the English versions of Chinese dishes?

Power Point Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power Point Presentation - Essay Example The percentage of online gaming users are increasing every month from 10 to 15 percentages. Online and mobile games have become highly affordable. This is reason behind the increase in rate of online gaming users. Women and older generations are playing more and more online games. The potential customers of online gaming industry are more diversified. The fastest probable mode to conduct business by consumers over internet is by electronic commerce.The application of electronic commerce over past ten years has drasticallytransformed the possible to sociological environment and activities on economics. Over the past four years, it has been assumed that the market growth rate of e-commerce will be doubled. The reason behind E-commerce becoming more common is due to time saving and exceedingly convenient. The introduction of E-commerce has doubles the opportunity for new markets, enormous fiscal benefits and increased the exposure. E-commerce has become vital for every organization to maintain competitive advantage over other multinational organization. This resembles the fact that the total sales revenue of 3% generated in America is occupied by E-commerce. The sales of online gaming DVD and videos are coupled. The contribution of online gaming towards the sales revenue generated in humongous. 24% of international commerce sales ar e equal to the total amount of sales revenue generated through online gaming. The profit of certain organization can be effectively increased by providing service and product to customer electronically. This reveals the fact that more than 900 million users have preferred to shop online via internet. The market share of CanGo has gained radically over the past year. The pivotal strength of CanGo Company it to attract small children and teenagers by providing product delivery and customer care support through

International business class (Discussion Board) Assignment - 4

International business class (Discussion Board) - Assignment Example Thus a country achieves a more competitive advantage from manufacturing better products due to high competition. Related and supporting industries also play a role in determining the competitiveness of an economy. These supporting industry help set the price point by lowering costs of production so that the goods produced are of attractive buying prices hence ensuring survival in the market. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry are the last but not least of the factors. The strategies adopted by a firm help it seek and maximize opportunities. Strategic alliances help a firm to be more competitive and dominate a market sector. Rivalry is what breeds competition and this is very important if the products in the market are to be of great quality. In response to answer 1 given, this answer falls short of detailing the individual factors and how they affect competitiveness in individual capacities. The answer is very general. It also speaks of technology as the only factor that influences production. This is not a fair assessment since there are more factors that affect competitiveness and production of a firm other than technology. Demand should have been mentioned as part of what constitutes factors that influence national

A Successful Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Successful Manager - Assignment Example I believe success means being able to deliver what is expected of you in your professional line and even better. Many believe that success is being better than your friends or relatives. According to me, success means being better than I was yesterday. Material possession should not be a way of measuring success, but according to how much one has improved from the previous day. To improve personal limitation one needs self-awareness. Some of the elements included in it are goals, values, and abilities. This will help a person become a better manager in future. Self- awareness encourages someone to things they thought they could not. Self-awareness, in turn, helps someone to get to self-actualization. This is where one is able to do any task because they believe in themselves. They may also have the skill that even gives them more confidence. Being hesitant to study abroad, I got motivation from when I saw other student graduates from the English learning school so I studied hard and graduated. To improve a personal and professional relationship, self- closure is important. It also helps improve one’s understanding and concern about a situation. It also improves the quality of communication, collaboration, and performance with others. Trust is a very important element in business. In business, one should be ready to share in case of a problem. It helps to share because one will get help and get different views that they can combine and be unstoppable. A person with self-management skill is very lucky. This means they can manage their emotions, time and stress. Time is one of the most important elements in business, therefore, should be properly managed and used effectively. Management of stress, on the other hand, is very important for effectiveness in the workplace.

Contemporary Hero's Quest - Harry Potter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contemporary Hero's Quest - Harry Potter - Essay Example In spite of them being from the wizarding world just like Harry, their efforts unfortunately, cannot match that of Voldermort’s powers. They, therefore, give up and later earn his trust and further help and prepare him for the journey to the unknown world to seek help (Campbell, 2003). In the initiation, the hero experiences trials on the way that makes him weak and vulnerable to the evil forces. He undergoes a change where he discovers a new self with divine supernatural ability. The hero meets two goddesses; the first enlightens him of his new adventure while the second tries to mislead him to give up his quest. Through separation, the hero becomes aware of the new forbidden wizarding world. He enters a threshold-entrance to the wizard world of his destination. Transformation occurs after he crosses the threshold, moves into the world of darkness where he undergoes a rebirth and his old self-dies (Campbell, 2003). He eventually receives a prize he has longed for and reluctantly returns with his new found powers and wisdom from forbidden world. He encounters a chase by the evil forces on his way back, but he quickly adapts to his new self and survives the chase crosses the threshold back to the new world. The power that the hero returns with eventually saves the world from the evil forces (Campbell,

Organizational Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Theory - Research Paper Example employees to provide the society with a valuable offering (Daft, 2013). The organization theory has no single definition as it is described as a way of thinking regarding the entity and how individuals and resources are gathered and arranged collectively to attain the business purpose (Smith, 2010). Likewise, the organizational design encompasses two vital aspects of the enterprise i.e. structural features and contingency factors. The structural facet is comprised of the internal elements such as organization size, hierarchy, infrastructure, IT, employees, suppliers and many more. While, the contingency factors are those aspects which influence the organization’s structural dimension like competitors, government, environment, technological developments, globalization, culture and etc. (Serra, Almeida & Ferreira, 2012). Hence, it is imperative for a company to monitor its design so that it can avoid entering the decline stage. Since organization exists in the business environment which is evolving at a fast pace, there are various external factors which can impact its business operations. For instance, a manufacturing concern which has been the leader in the industry for decades can enter into decline stage if it does not upgrade its machinery or fails to respond to the changing market needs. Similar to any product, the management team has to remain alert about the indicators which can show signs of an arising issue in the near future (Serra, Almeida & Ferreira, 2012). There are four crucial phases through which every organization passes i.e. birth/introduction, growth, maturity and decline. When a firm is at the maturity stage, it has to start developing plans for maintaining or revamping its image so that it can gain momentum again and retrieve back its enhanced performance level (Daft, 2013). The two foremost signs of maturity stage are

Cubist movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cubist movement - Essay Example This â€Å"something that can be conceived but not seen nor made visible† is often referred to as the sublime, a quality of transcendent greatness â€Å"with which nothing else can be compared and which is beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement or imitation† (Wikipedia, 2006). The presence of this sublime element, then, inspires the imagination in a specific direction based on which elements remain visible or understandable. Its significance is in the way in which it brings attention to the uncertainty of meaning inherent in the work, such that no resolution makes itself apparent. For artists of this period, the best way to achieve this sublime element was to forget the training they received in art school in order to recapture the sense of wonder and imagination reflected in art produced by children through the use of ‘primitive’ geometric forms. To understand how the sublime can be communicated through visual art, the work of cubist master Pab lo Picasso will be discussed in terms of materials, subject matter, content, composition, color and impacts of context or the time period in which they were produced. The cubist movement is now widely recognized as an early phase of the avant-garde. Author Peter Wollen recognized it in 1975 as a means of breaking the boundaries of traditional signifiers and make reference instead to the relationship between the signifier and the signified (Wollen, 1975). As this idea expanded, the traditional approach to art of making reference to an established set of symbols was further broken down and explored through abstraction and minimalism. The ultimate breaking down of this was the examination of how the art medium was able to communicate a world of transition and change, reality and illusion within the very context of its delivery. â€Å"What soon emerged as the dominant strand was

Treaty of Versailles,Communism in Russia,Fascism,World War II,Cold War Case Study

Treaty of Versailles,Communism in Russia,Fascism,World War II,Cold War - Case Study Example As the paper declares communism in Russia came into place following the abolition of Serfdom in the 1861, Serfdom was a kind of slavery in which all the peasant were tied to a piece of farmland. The peasant are allowed to use the farm for the purpose of providing for the families and themselves but at the same time are forced to comply with their masters needs and requirements in all manner of sense which included military services. Abolition of Serfdom let to the mass migration into the cities leading to the neglect of agricultural as many people moved to the city. In the cities, they got involved in working for the factories during the industrial revolution in Russia. This group of people was exploited in terms f long working hors with law wages since they had formal association. This led to poverty epidemic and people became open to the communism idea, the situation was also accentuated by the fact that Russia had lost to Japan in 1905 in the Russo-Japanese war, the two situations made it possible for Russia to accept communism as a way of governance.This study outlines that  Fascism was a way of believing that one race is better than the other is and these were manifested in Italy and Germany. In this regard, fascism in Italy and Germany were characterized with the following beliefs.  The impact of fascism in the two countries led to the execution of masses that were considered lesser race.

Spanish Golden Age Essay Example for Free

Spanish Golden Age Essay The Spanish Golden Age:In the context 1474 to 1598, to what extent did Ferdinand and Isabella lay the foundations for a Spanish Golden Age? By the end of the 16th century Spain had within the space of 100 year risen to become the greatest power in Europe and as quickly and dramatically as it had risen out of a divided peninsular it came crashing down back into despair. By the end of Philip II reign the country had been become bankrupt several times due to excessive spending through his reign, and as Woodward states here was ‘ plague, famine, depopulation, inflation'(1) But regardless of what happened at the end the time before hand had been called the Spanish Golden Age where Spain had a vast empire stretching along the Mediterranean all the way the vastness of the New World and the Americas and power and wealth beyond the belief of any of the other european powers. However all of this would not of been possible if not down to the work of Ferdinand(F)and Isabella(I) or the Catholic Monarchs as they came to be known and if they really did lay the foundations of a Golden Age for Spain. 1479 the year by when both Ferdinand and Isabella had become the king and queen of their realms, Aragon and Castille is what Spain was known at this time, Spain as a whole country did not exists until during Phillips reign however the pre marriage agreement of F and I was that they would rule their kingdoms jointly and any acts or policies that could be put forward would be in place for both Aragon and Castille. At the time of their succession to their thrones neither kingdom was in a tate to deal with anything beyond their own borders, the main problem was that both governments were different styles of ruling, Aragon(A) was a more federal style of government where there were 3 separate Cortes all with which F had to deal with and could not make any decisions without whereas in Castilee (C) I the Cortes had little to no power over how she would rule her country without any restraints. Now after a long succession battle after the death of the previous monarch of C the nobility had began to resist I and so he setting up of the Hermandades helped secure peace in her territory by 1498 and had significantly reduced the power of the nobility and was continually reduced throughout Is reign with the set up of Consejo Real and corregiadors who helped secured the loyalty of the classes straight to the royalty. According to Kamen at the start of their reigns F and I actually were looking for the support of the nobles and in his book he states that lavish gifts were give to those who suported them and just as equally harsh measures against those who did not(2). It was only as their reign progressed that new policies were brought about that were intended to reduce the nobles power. The reducing of the power of the nobles and the centralising of the governments that allowed a unified Spain to come about during Charles V reign. Economically the Spain was in very bad shape by the time of F and I and had to be turned around quickly if Spain was to flouish. In C seeing as I did not call the Cortes between 1483-1497 she needed income from elsewhere and this was done in the form of taxes

Health vs Happiness Essay Example for Free

Health vs Happiness Essay Picture this: you are hungry, busy, and don’t really feel like cooking or cleaning. So you dash to the nearest fast food joint and order a fat, juicy burger with some fries and a soda to wash it down. Once in a while this may be okay, but if you find yourself taking this easy way out more than once a week, there may be consequences. The American Heart Association states that diets high in salt, cholesterol, sugar and fat can take away from other essential nutrient levels. This may lead to heart problems or obesity. Practicing little or no physical activity can lead to further health complications. Is it a waste of time to watch what you eat or how you exercise? Maybe not. Skipping those fast food meals and substituting with a sandwich made at home or packing leftovers for lunch takes no more time than pulling into the drive through. Getting up and walking around your office a few minutes each day is better than sitting at your desk all day. If you do choose tha fast food route, park your car and go inside to order. If you think life is too short to care about what you eat, think again. You may, in fact, be shortening your life by taking shortcuts. If you are a smoker, that makes it much shorter. Some people may feel that they are happier if they can eat what they want when they want it. But is being overweight, fatigued and lazy being happy? For me, it is not. I am not the perfect picture of health, but I do feel that being healthy is being happy. I did not watch what I was eating or how I was taking care of myself until I became pregnant. I started eating healthier, drinking more water, and feeling better. Feeling better physically made me happier. I am no longer pregnant and still plan on keeping the healthy habits I kept while pregnant. Keeping healthy habits also gives one more energy, which in turn may help with exercising. Eating healthy and exercising could reduce stress. Less stress equals more happiness. So does being healthy mean being happy? I say to each his own. If you are happy being obese and having health problems, then so be it. I, for one, am happy being healthy.

The Interpersonal Relationships On Customer Satisfaction Commerce Essay

The Interpersonal Relationships On Customer Satisfaction Commerce Essay Organisations today operate within a large competitive market so in order to maintain their current customers and gain further customers they must make their organisation attractive. Therefore they should focus on customer loyalty and the importance it plays within the organisation so creating and ensuring customer satisfaction is a very important factor. The general intention of this article is to explore the role played by interpersonal- relayed factors in gaining and developing customer loyalty to the company. Throughout the article we get to know how interpersonal relationships play a part in building customer loyalty and satisfaction towards the firm. We are able to appreciate the difference between customer-and-employee, and employee-and-employee relationships, and the impact they subsequently have on the organisation, both advantageous and otherwise. The customer-and-employee relationship is shown in the article to make a positive input to the firm, as interaction between the front line workers and the customer creates an overall perception of quality provided by the service provider. The article suggests that the social bonding between customer and employee makes the customer more committed and trust worthy of the firm, and consequently more loyal. It emphasises the importance of sales force skills and behaviour in gaining customer trust and developing long term buyer- seller relationships. This will not only develop the customers relationship with the employee but also with the firm thus achieving positive results. The article also highlights reasons why this relationship could have a negative effect on the firm, as the customers would become too loyal to the front line workers. This would have an impact when the employee left the firm as the customer would follow that employee or find another firm, as the relationship the customer had was directly loyal only to the employee. The other relationship which is portrayed within the article is customer-to-customer, which is said to contribute to the development of transactional satisfaction. This also plays a part in the development of long term relations within a firm, by their contact and interaction. Creating a strong bond, customers may interact at a regular basis and remain within their group of friends, this plays a positive effect on the intentional service. But again, same as the customer- to employee relationship, if one of the group of friends leave, they would follow and break their loyalty with that firm. This is a short summary of the main points in the article. It shows that customer satisfaction is a fundamental driver towards loyalty in the service market, and that monitoring the customers satisfaction levels should be a high priority for the service managers. There are tables within the article that help the ideas become clear about the impact of relationships on an organisation. Also the article points out how customer and employee relationships could be improved in order to be even more effective by such methods as personnel selection of front line workers, training to increase relation skills, reward systems based on fostering customer satisfaction and loyalty, and attention being paid to the design of facilities and layouts to develop the interaction between front line workers and customers. But on the other hand nothing can control the risk of a strong social link developing, thus the risk of losing the customers. Therefore it is also important to concentrate on employee sat isfaction in order to reduce turnover levels. Why I chose the article? I chose this article as I was intrigued as to how different relationships affect the customers perception of the company. As this article puts theory into practise we can see the effect it has on the firm. It is set on results collected within a gymnasium. It is interesting to get to know how the firm builds on social bonding with the customers, where the front line workers build friendships and get to know each other on a social basis. In return they gain each others trust and commitment hence the customer is not only loyal to the firm but also to the employee. This shows that customer service must be of a high standard within this particular firm, and I can imagine plays an important role in other organisations too. It contributes to the understanding of the customers and thereby maintains their loyalty. The essence of a salesmanship is the development of a social exchange relationship with buyers, such that economics and social benefits of mutual value can be traded (Tarn and Wong, 2001) The relationship creates a positive impact on the firm, both economically and sociably, and in return this makes customers loyal. Not only does the article show positive outcomes of the relationship, it also shows that problems can occur, thus making it realistic to read. Relationships can have a great impact on the social benefits of the firm, but can also backfire through employee loyalty rather than firm loyalty. Therefore, as shown in the article, if an employee would leave the firm the customer would follow them, as they have created a strong bond. This is interesting to know as it shows how relationships can have a beneficial impact on an organisation, but on the other hand can also be detrimental. This shows the dynamic effect a relationship plays on the firm, therefore firms must handle these situations very carefully and try to overcome the problem by making not only the customers satisfied with the firm but also the employees as well. The article shows that the firm has sat isfied customers as they have fixed membership fees, which they pay for frequent use of the service. But on the other hand it states in the article they found that, †¦the link between social benefits (which require the existence of a friendship relationship between a front- line employee) and the share of purchase in the point of sale is fully mediated by the overall customer satisfaction with the store (Reynolds and Beatty, 1999) This shows the importance of the customer satisfaction levels which generate their loyalty towards the firm. Important to always improve the firm by keeping up with the environmental changes within the industry which plays a competitive role against firms, where each tries to keep their existing customers and gain new ones by making sure they offer the best satisfaction levels of service and thereby enhance their loyalty. The articles role in marketing. Reading this article has enhanced my understanding of the importance that interpersonal relationships play within an organisation in relation to the satisfaction and loyalty of the customer. It has shown that marketing can be put into a very complex situation by the different environmental factors within the organisation and that customers change their way of living according to current trends in the market. The different relationships which develop within the firm have different effects on the performance of the company, which has been discussed within the article. Other authors such as Bolton and Lemon (1999) have likewise said:- Firms seek ways to manage customer relationship over the long term, understanding the dynamics of the service provider- customer relationship becomes a key priority. They believe that the customer relationship should be an important aspect for the organisation to develop and manage correctly in order to gain the best customer loyalty and create the best satisfaction standards. The organisation should understand how customers use the information and experience in deciding their level of usage, which inspires the organisation to use interpersonal relationships. This is especially important in service industries, Companies have begun to embrace the concept of customer life time value (CLV) and have begun moving towards devoting more dedicated resources such as formal and informal selling teams, to manage these precious customer relationships (Jones, E et all. 2005) This highlights the fact that customer satisfaction is important to maintain as it would also contribute to a positive word of mouth for free advertising for the firm, as the relationship which is established between the firm and its customer is critical its survival and success. The other important factor within relationship is communication between the customers and employees to enhance their understanding, Effective communication is seen in employees collaborating, interacting, and engaging with others in ways which help them understand the importance and meaning of that engagement, (Pace, R et all. 1989) This enhances my understanding again of the pressures which are placed on the organisation by dynamic competition, therefore creating a strong relationship with customers can play a very effective and positive role in the organisation. They affect the customers attitude positively towards the organisation, and the reliability and validity of the organisations performance. This is agreed by another author, Buendapudi and Berry (1997), the importance of interrelationship within a firm, they stated that, Relationship marketing has also expanded beyond its initial conceptualisation as a firms efforts to attract maintain and enhance relationships with its customers. This shows the importance of an organisation maintaining a strong relationship with its customers, and the best way of creating that bond is through the front line workers and the customers. This has been called a social bond within the article. It generates the organisations awareness of what the customers want to gain from the organisation and how it should be developed by more knowledge and understanding of the customers needs. This will give the organisation a strategic advantage within the market place. The customer- orientated firm is committed to relationship marketing and employees work together to solve customer problems. Employees morale is a critical success factor in the customer- orientated company, especially for employees who deliver some aspect of a products service bundle (Beatty et all. 1996) This shows that the organisations true mission is to establish an environment that creates value for the customer, employee and the investors. Therefore the importance of the orientation working within any organisation is the importance that the managers must be committed not only to the employees but also to their customers. This would therefore generate relationships within the organisation, and enhance interaction, which is a key variable to maintain the customers. Again this shows the advantage and importance of establishing a strong relationship with customers. The article also showed me that there are disadvantages in creating these strong bonds with customers and employees, and that they could have a negative economic effect on the organisation. If the employee decides to leave the organisation the customer might follow, as they have developed a customer and employee loyalty, not firm loyalty. This is also shown in research that Beatty, Mayer, Reynolds and Lee, (1996) undertook within sales, as they found that organisations lost their customers as they followed an associate who went to work for a competing organisation. The trust and honest relationship the customer had built with the employees within the firm had led the customer to depend on their Sales Assistant, which is a huge disadvantage for the company if the employee left, Firms engaging in relationship selling as a key strategy need to develop and implement specific policies and programs aimed at retaining their customers when successful relationship- building Sales Assistance choose to leave the firm. The strength of a relationship can be very powerful and create difficulties for an organisation to maintain their customers once an employee leaves. Further research is needed within this field, and also the issue of customers ability to maintain a relationship, either with a firm or employee. Not only does the fact that an employee leaving the company may remove the customers loyalty from the firm, but there are other factors that werent included in the article. The behaviour of another customer will affect another customers experience within an organisation. For example Grove and Fisk (1997) found that, standing in line is a serious challenge for many people, extended waits that often accompany many service encounters can put people in a bad mood, tempers can flare and disruptive behaviour can result. This could have a huge impact on a customers attitude towards the firm. But satisfying all customers is impossible as everyone has a different idea regarding what is appropriate in any situation. Therefore in this particular situation line managers were suggested to entertain customers while queuing to ensure that problems among customers didnt occur. To help recover from difficult situations such as these and to stabilise relationships, †¦ recruitment, subsequent training and appraisal methods should also be focused on the service works customer orientation (Bove et all, 2000). This brings together all the different ideas I have developed and understood about how important relationships can be within an organisation, but yet again, on the other hand, a disadvantage.

Dr. Faustus Essay - Pride, Insolence and the Fall of Doctor Faustus

Pride, Insolence and the Fall of Doctor Faustus  Ã‚   As a highly revered individual - a doctor of theology who is also involved in liberal arts, medicine and law - Doctor Faustus possesses limitless knowledge. Nonetheless, unfortunately the more people know the more curious, thirsty and greedy for knowledge they become. Thus, wanting to know more and therefore, gain supernatural power, Faustus creates his own fall through pride, insolence and child-like behavior - the by-products of the dominating id that overpowers the superego in this particular case. The above excerpt was provided to make the student aware of the focus of the essay, the complete paper begins below: "...Man builds towels of the spirit from which he may survey larger horizons that those of his class, race and nation. This is a necessary human enterprise. Without it man could not come to his full estate. But it is also inevitable that these towers should be Towers of Babel, that they should pretend to reach higher than their real height; and should claim a finality which they cannot posses," quotes Sylvan Barnet in his introduction to Christopher Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus" (xiv). Doctor Faustus lives in such pretension. Due to Faustus' extraordinary, celebrated, restless and insatiable mind that differs from the ordinary minds, the quote above stands as the basic premise for Marlowe's play. As a highly revered individual - a doctor of theology who is also involved in liberal arts, medicine and law - Doctor Faustus possesses limitless knowledge. Nonetheless, unfortunately the more people know the more curious, thirsty and greedy for knowledge they become. Thus, wanting to know more and therefore, gain supernatural power, Faustus creates his own fall th... ...ioned by his immediate circumstances...He wants to be man. He is not content with his truth. He seeks the truth...His restless mind seeks to comprehend the meaning of all cultures so that he may not be caught within the limitations of his own" (xiv). Works Cited and Consulted Beddow, Michael. Thomas Mann: Doctor Faustus. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1994. Carnegy, Patrick. Faust as Musician: A Study of Thomas Mann's Novel Doctor Faustus. London: Chatto & Windus, 1973. Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1969. Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.

Academics versus Writing Centered Classes Essay -- Literature English

One of the biggest debates in composition theory seems to be the notion of fostering the â€Å"creative impulse† versus â€Å"structure† in the writing classroom. We have run into this argument time and again in class, and it is waged on a larger scale in the â€Å"Bartholomae and Elbow Debate† in terms of academic versus writing centered classes. In class we have discussed â€Å"structure† as grammar, and the â€Å"creative impulse† as the desire students have to break the rules of language in their own creative endeavors. Bartholomae and Elbow provide us with natural extensions of this argument in their own debate. The â€Å"academic classroom† according to Bartholomae is more beneficial to students, as they gain a sense of intertextuality and learn how to write and respond to the academic writing that has preceded them ( i.e. critical theory and literature). Elbow on the other hand fosters the idea that students will learn how to write mor e effectively within smaller writing communities that are created right within the classroom itself and spends more time in his own classes with that side of the issue. This is the conflict that we will run into no matter what facet of composition theory we discuss. The problem with this debate, however, is that both Elbow and Bartholomae are conceiving of these two (supposedly) oppositional roles too narrowly. They are both at odds concerning the role of each in the writing classroom despite the fact that they see the commonalities. It is important for all teachers of writing to address this debate, and be able to see past it, which as evidenced in the debate in Cross Talk, Elbow and Bartholomae were not able to do. I feel as if my first personal essay addressed these matters as well, although I did not deal them specific... ...ter good writing. Theories and concepts could be introduced regarding critical analysis, but nothing would be set forth as the proper way to view it. All of this however, may be too much for first year composition students to handle. By keeping the number of major works to a minimum and keeping the required responses and writing assignments short but quite frequent, hopefully it would be possible to keep things from getting too overwhelming, and keep this debate from rearing its ugly head. Works Cited Bartholomae, David. â€Å"Writing with Teachers: A Conversation with Peter Elbow.† Cross Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Washington State University: NCTE, 1997. Elbow, Peter. â€Å"Being a Writer vs. Being an Academic: A Conflict in Goals.† Cross Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Washington State University: NCTE, 1997.

Unemployment in the United States - The True Story :: essays papers

Unemployment in the United States - The True Story This article is an attempt to examine the numbers of unemployment in the United States more closely. It contends that the Bureau of Labor Statistics misrepresents the percentage rate of unemployment in the United States in its monthly surveys. The definition to unemployment given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the article is as follows: â€Å"People who had no employment during the reference week and that were available for work at the time, they made efforts to find employment sometime during the four week period ending with the reference week.† The article argues that the definition of unemployment given by the Bureau of Labor Statistics limits the number of individuals who can participate in the survey therefore, misrepresenting the nation’s perception towards the rate of unemployment. The article contends that there are millions of people in the United States that have been unemployed prior to the 4 weeks required to be counted in the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey. It also describes the different kinds of unemployment and why it is that the monthly survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics is misleading. It explains the composition of unemployment and the duration of time it lasts among people. Instead of the 3.9% calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics it concludes that an estimate of 7% is more accurate. This article derives from a recent paper done by David Anderson of Centre College in the Journal of Law and Economics. It attempts to quantify the total yearly cost of all crime in America on a yearly basis and is constructed based on the thought of how much money would be saved if we lived in a crime free society. The total money saved, according to the article, would be 1.7 trillion dollars. The article explains in detail the way that this number was calculated. In the article, the total number calculated in the production and services of preventing crime would be 397 billion annually. Also, it calculates that the average American spends 4 minutes a day preventing crime by locking and unlocking valuables. The estimated number wasted by not producing money in those four minutes a day, by all Americans yearly, is 89.6 billion dollars. The article explains that millions of people are sitting idle in jails when they could be out helping the economy.

Data Comm

Server Lab 1 Questions 1. List some of the uses (roles) of a member server. File server, application server, and web server. They can manage emails, provide web services, provide file storage, etc. 2. Discuss some differences between workstation software and server software. Workstations are generally used by a single person whereas servers provide services over a network to multiple computers. Workstation are typically used for CPU tasks and simulation projects, unlike servers which are mainly used for data storage, to run databases and organize data, DNS, and to host web pages. . List some advantages of mapping a directory located on a server to a workstation. 4. Discuss how you would add new users and groups to your server. Include a discussion of the permissions that you would need to consider in doing so. Next to the Control Panel link choose the Active Directory Users and Computers. Then expand the domain you want to create the user in and right click the user’s folder; select new user and put the information required into the textboxes; by right clicking this folder you can also add groups.To give users permissions right click the database and choose properties then select permissions, if the user you want to grant permission to is not on the list you can search and select their name and then check the permission you want to grant them. Some permissions that a user might need are: read, write, read and execute, list folder contents, modify, etc. Server Lab 2 1) When you promoted your server to domain controller and installed DHCP, what would happen if there was another domain controller already on this network? 2) How has your file server been affected by promoting your server to a domain controller? ) We set the DHCP server to provide a narrow range of IP addresses. What is the maximum range that it can provide? What would be the starting and ending addresses if this full range were utilized? 4) Explain how a DHCP lease works. When a device tries to connect to the internet the network requests an IP address. The DHCP server leases the device an IP address that is then forwarded to the network via the router. The DHCP updates the appropriate servers with the address and other information. The device then accepts the address and the DHCP reallocates the address or leases one that’s available.Then the device is no longer connected and the address becomes available again. 5) Describe the purpose of the forward and reverse DNS lookup zones? How do they differ? DNS is used to translate domain names to IP addresses. A forward lookup zone is a DNS in which the hostname to IP relationship is stored; when a computer requests the IP address of a certain hostname this zone is queried and it returns the result. A reverse lookup zone does the opposite; when the computer requests the hostname of an address this zone is queried and the result is returned.

John Dewey and early childhood education Essay

â€Å"Education is not preparation for life. Education is life itself. † – John Dewey (1859-1952) (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) The set of Desired Outcomes of Pre-school Education that the Ministry of Education(MOE) had put together in 2003 highlighted the significant importance of pre-school education being the platform for lifelong learning. It’s intention were far beyond preparation of these children merely for Primary School curriculum (Wong,2000). Very much alike to John Dewey (Dewey)’s quote, MOE’s take on pre-school education exists similar context. I felt that it challenges the perceived notion that education is only about getting the necessary qualifications or securing a good job. However, with an open mind, education in fact occurs throughout life. This brings about a few educational principles of Dewey which had influenced me in my workings with children in a pre-school setting. I felt that the central concept of Dewey’s view of education was that there should be greater emphasis on allowing children develop problem solving skills, critical thinking skills, and being able to make decisions on their own, rather than simply on the memorization of lessons. Through real life experiences, instead of merely being on the receiving end of secondhand information, children were able to develop the required skills effectively (Seefeldt and Barbour, 1998). Active learning has been widely advocated in my child care centre. I often incorporate and encourage it too. Let’s say I will be teaching on the theme of occupation and doctors are the topic of the week. For the younger age group like pre-nursery and nursery, I would provide real materials like a doctor play set. Children would be encouraged to explore these materials at their own pace and interests. They would be able to experience how it feels like being a doctor and thereafter get an insight of what a doctor’s work scope is about. Concurrently, they would be exposed to the instruments that a doctor uses. I would also ask children open ended questions like â€Å"What does a doctor do? Which tool do you think a doctor uses to hear your heartbeat? If you are a doctor, how would you hear my heartbeat? †. I believe  that such open ended question encourages children to construct their own understanding of concepts. I would also drop hints and attempt to spur their interest when children become uninterested and seem clueless. On top of these activities, for the kindergarten classes, I would introduce a â€Å"Doctor of the day† where the child would, alongside the teacher, assist in the daily temperature taking of children. This way they would understand the concept of what is taken to be ill and what is not, and also who should they visit at times when they fall sick. I would also liaise with a nearby clinic and bring the children on a trip, getting the doctor to assist in giving the children a short demonstration of a regular consultation in the clinic. The children will not only be able to see how a clinic setting is like, they will also be able to pose questions to the doctor to find out more. Following which, I would plan for a clinic role play where children are free to express their own interpretation and ideas of a being a doctor. In tie with Dewey’s avocation of active learning, this concept of learning has been strongly supported by the local context too. In the Code of Ethics, professionals are obliged to promote and encourage children to be actively involved regardless of ability (Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore, 2005). Dewey also advocated that the school is a social institution (Flanagan, 1994). He believed that through social interaction with adults and peers, learning would be further reinforced (Henniger, 2002). Communication with peers or adults allows children to think, process their thoughts into verbal words and therefore encourages and stimulates a child’s thinking. Interactive learning is also vital to social development. Being able to develop a positive and satisfying relationship with peers and adults is crucial for effective social interaction and is often a focus of pre-school programs (Early Childhood Teachers’ Association, 2003). In my workings with children, I have realized the important role social interaction plays in a child’s development. Children across all pre-school levels enjoy talking and interacting with each other over their thoughts, opinions and experiences. One way I encourage this is by planning for problem solving in group discussions. For instance, the kindergarten children would be issued a problem at the start of the day: â€Å"What are the features of an insect? † They would then be divided into groups to explore the problem by going into the various learning centres I have set up toacquire the information. This can be followed up by bringing the children on a field trip to the Botanical Garden where children are able explore on the topic and make drawings and notes on their observations as a group. At the end of the day, they would discuss about their gatherings again in groups, and then present their findings. Other than learning how to function as a member of a group, children would also be able to learn cooperative skills and conflict resolution through the activity. Besides peer interaction, adult interaction plays an equally important role. In the Assessment of Licensing Standards in child care centre, staffs are to encourage interaction with children in order for children to be able to understand self and others (Ministry of Community Development and Sports, 2003). In the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I take time to listen, make eye contact and respond to children. This makes children feel comfortable and it motivates them to interact more with adults. I would also plan for activities like dough play and painting on large papers where children are able to proceed with the activity together. Through such activities, they are able to discuss, comment and communicate with each other too. I would also ask questions like, â€Å"What do you think Clarisse has molded? Does it look like a sandwich? † which allows for creative thoughts to be expressed and interaction to take place. Dewey’s philosophy perceived a teacher’s role as a guide and observer, rather than an instructor or a disciplinarian. The teacher is to provide and prepare the environment and curriculum to allow children to benefit and learn productively from it. Teachers were also expected to observe children and come up with activities designed to facilitate optimal learning (Feeney, Christensen and Moravcik, 2006). For the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I would provide a large variety of materials where children would be given the choice to choose based on their preference. I would not interfere in their choice activity as long as it conforms safety standards. I would also plan for activities where children could explore and exercise trial and error. For instance in the dough making session, they would be able to explore how much water is needed to achieve the texture of dough they would like, and what should be added when the dough becomes too soft. However, I would be guiding children whenever they are stuck or faced with much difficulty. I would also put up children’s work like their art work at a prominent corner of the classroom to make them feel that their work is valued. For the kindergarten classes, I would plan the lesson together with the children and come up with activities that could tap on their interest. For instance, discussing with children about which occupations interests them the most by showing them a variety of it. After the children have made their choices, I would plan activities catered to their interest. Throughout the lesson, I would make observational notes about each child and provide experiences or materials catered to individual’s interest. For example if a child shows immense interest in the occupation teacher, I would plan for the child to have a go at teaching his fellow classmates a song. Or if a child is interested in being a policeman, he could patrol the corridors before nap time to ensure that children are not hiding in the toilets or up to mischief. Similarly, under the Framework for Kindergarten Curriculum, MOE recommend putting their principles into practice in a few ways. These includes, preparing the learning environment by encouraging learning at their own pace and choice, planning meaningful activities based on children’s interest and abilities, allowing resources and materials to be easily and readily available and observing and monitoring children’s development. (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) Through Dewey, I become aware of various methods and principles which plays a vital role in children’s pre-school learning. Though there were also controversies in Dewey’s philosophy, I believe that each philosopher possesses their own virtues and Dewey was one which struck me the most. References Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore (2005). Code of ethics. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http://www. aeces. org/code_of_ethics Early Childhood Teachers’ Association (2003). Educating young children. Journal of early childhood teachers’ association inc and school of early childhood university of technology, 9(1) Feeney, S. Christensen, D. Moravcik, E. (2006). Who am I in the lives of children? : an introduction to early childhood education (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education. Flanagan, F. M. (1994). John Dewey. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http://www. admin. mfu. edu/ctlf/Ed%20Psych%20Readings/dewey. pdf Henniger, M. L. (2002) Teaching young children: An introduction (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education.

Coach Handbag analysis Essay

Company overview Designing and marketing of accessories and gift products for women and men. The company primarily operates in the US and Japan. It is headquartered in New York City, New York and employed 18,000 people as of June 30, 2012. 36% market share as accordance of Marketline In just two years (2003–2005), Coach’s market share has increased from 18 percent to 23 percent. TARGET MARKET DISCRIPTION men and women aged between 20s- 40s who possess mid to high levels of disposable income, seeking distinctive, easily recognizable, accessible luxury products that are relevant, well made, and provide excellent value (2012, 03). Mkt 501 Case Study Module 1 Target Market Coach Handbags. Retrieved 03, 2012, http://coachinc.wordpress.com/assignment-1/brand-positioning/competitor-analysis/ Product Life Cycle Shorten new-product cycle time (releases every four to five weeks, up from twice a year). Learn through multiple new-product variations (12 to 28 per release, up from two to three). http://mmoore.ba.ttu.edu/ValuationReports/Coach.pdf SWOT ANALYSIS – MARKETLINE UNDER COACH 2 STRENGTHS Strong focus on the handbags category Consistent revenue and profit growth Multi-channel distribution strategy WEAKNESSES Dependence on independent manufacturer for procuring merchandise OPPORTUNITIES Expanding presence in China Joint ventures with international partners in Europe Increasing online sales THREATS Counterfeit goods Ban on advertising of luxury products in China Intense competition started MISC INFO: Coach was launched in 1941 in a loft in New York’s Soho district by a leather craftsman named Miles Cahn, who created ladies’ purses designed in elegantly understated black or brown and featuring simple brass turnlocks and little other decoration. The bags were expensive but so well made that they were considered an excellent value. Coach was able to present the brand from head to toe, including products from hats and outerwear to handbags and accessories. One major breakthrough was the â€Å"wristlet,† a zippered rectangular bag just 4 by 6 inches. This new product grew out of Coach’s research into how women were using their purses. Coach spends over $5 million per year on marketplace testing of new products research shows that the best Coach customers visit the store every four to five weeks. This dictates the rhythm at which Coach rolls out its own products and floor-set changes.

Illiteracy Rate in America

Although the United States is the most powerful country in the world, with its high economy rate and â€Å"dot comers† at its highest peak ever, it is unfortunately, sad to say that the elevating illiteracy rate is also at its highest peak also. Even though the U. S. has the lowest rate among the other world countries, illiteracy still is a problem today that many U. S. citizens struggle with. A generalization of illiteracy is not being able to functionally read or write and â€Å"is essentially associated with poverty†(National Institute of Literacy p94) Whereas the definition of illiteracy stated by Webster (p413) is being unable to read and write; uneducated; having or showing a lack of knowledge of fundamentals on a particular subject. No one is capable of looking at another person and realizing that they are functionally illiterate, because illiterate people make it difficult to detect because they are so good at covering it. The literate public does not realize the size of the literacy problem today. They think everyone is literate, but more than 40 million Americans 16 years of age and older have only basic reading and writing skills, according to the U. S. department of education. WWW. galegroup. com Customarily, citizens apt to looking down upon those who are not functionally literate and who were deprived of the education that those who aren†t illiterate were taught These people are illiterate because they never had the opportunity to learn, or when they had the opportunity, they lacked the motivation to learn. There are many problems that an illiterate person will face when trying to live a normal day-to-day life, because they had a lack of motivation, which makes it very hard for an illiterate person to get around or even survive. Because of this, many help tactics have been underway so that they may have assistance in getting important things done. Despite the dispossession of not being able to functionally read and write, there are various problems that an individual, and that individuals† family are faced with. Such types of problems are not being able to make out a grocery, fill out important documents, such as health care information to better facilitate them and their family, and not being able to apply for a well-positioned job because they are unable to comprehend what the application is asking. These problems are like a domino effect amongst illiterate persons. Once one problem is dealt with another one appears to happen very shortly afterward. Take for example an illiterate mother who has two young children who have not been educated how to read nor write yet. This mother has a low-income job, because of lack of reading proficiency skills, which makes her have a very tight budget for her single family home. On a regular trip to the grocery store this mother would first have to ration her money out so that she would still have money for miscellaneous things. She would only be able to rely on pictures and normally bought things. While at the checkout line this mother would not be able to count her money alone, because she is â€Å"functionally illiterate†, so she would definitely be in need of assistance. Major companies and businesses have realized the illiteracy rate increase and have taken action to try and remedy the problem. There are many ways in which these places have tried to assist in helping these illiterate persons. When illiterate persons enter a social work office, in need of some sort of care â€Å"they mainly recognize there names and that†s about it† says Peggy McEldon, of Dinnwiddie Department of Social Services. She also goes on to say that â€Å"often times people come in with their forms already filled out and completed all they have to do is put the information in the system. sometimes for some support they will bring a relative or an authorized person to speak or sign papers for them, if someone can†t read or write they can sign with an â€Å"X†. (Peggy McEldon) Most importantly whatever help that is needed they are entitled to do whatever is possible to reach their need. In another situation at the local Department of Motor Vehicles, such assistance to an illiterate person trying for a drivers† license is instead of a computer test given, an oral test would be given, to ask questions as to where they stand. most people who come in with needs of assistance is young people†(Linda Hall, Front Hall Desk). In the most multicultural nation in the world, it is not uncommon to come across illiterate persons in your day-to-day life. In the 3rd world countries the crisis of illiteracy has usually been demoted. More and more however, literacy is threatening the continual development of highly industrialized nations. Though there are many sources that illiterate persons can go to to get help and assistance, illiterate persons will still not be able to survive very long with knowing little knowledge. Although it seems as though their will never be a halt in the growth of illiteracy, we find that most people will hold educators accountable for the lack of literate people that walk the face of this earth, even though it†s the illiterate people who lack in the skills needed to perform his or her purpose. Consequently as the standards increase, population grows, and the educational system falters, illiteracy will continue to be one of America†s worst problems; and the number of illiterate people will continue to rise.

Plz chose one Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plz chose one - Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, within the book, the author describes how agriculture and herding had dropped into desertion, trading had stopped, while associations and gatherings to look for solutions were all dissolved. The author is a graduate and an experience individual with a number of studies in various aspects of gastronomy. The book is thus, essential for this study as it has exhaustive information with room for further research. The book is also a legalized and is accessible online as well as in all public libraries. In this article, the author Levi Joseph has gone deep into the Chinese culture to understand there values and life aspects. He, however, found that every part in China naturally developed a unique cooking style, which mirrored its climate, topography, flora, and fauna, the people’s mood and their associations with others. He established that the Filhos de Macau community love food mainly their own cuisine as well as those from different Chinese province. Cantonese and Portuguese are two communities whose food and culture resembles those of the Chinese, where they have even used some common names to refer to different food products. The article also dealt mainly on Macau food, which the community uses them as cultural referent and confirmation of their presences. The article is conclusive in culture, food, and people’s preferences; hence, it is an informative article used by anyone interested in gastronomy. The author is well versed with this areas and he is still carry ing out other researches in the area. This article is an influence to the present discussion on enlarged understanding of hospitality as well as its determination as a robust academic field. According to the author Scarpato, several scholars have currently claimed that both the present study agenda alongside the educational curriculum must be focused on fresh theoretical outline, not limited to the economic statement of hospitality. The article

Assignment 2Q Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2Q - Assignment Example The Project Manager must verify these deliverables are those items that have been finished. However, upon the end of implementation phase, closing a project becomes a necessary point. Closing a project requires careful analysis and often misunderstood from a project management standpoint. This paper will discuss some of the project closures that are challenging for project management. In Agile, financial discrepancies can be a huge factor. Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS. Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project. One of the most pivotal contingency strategy is to have a high incremental cost of resources. Resources are often less expensive when they are bought in bulk, but expensive if they are purchased incrementally. Hence, it is critical to have software and other resources purchased in bulk to avoid paying extra money. Another key strategy is to have collaborative sessions on a day-to-day basis. Often times the project falls behind because individuals are not aware of unexpected circumstances that can occur. Keeping in track with their progress on day to day basis can be truly helpful in the long run. This become problematic as the project due date comes closer since many smaller tasks may not be captured in the WBS itself. One of the biggest concerns for c losing a project is the end the finer details of the store. This becomes more problematic the project does not achieve optimal results. This is where the project may fall. For instance, The Project Manager should produce confirmation from the Senior User or User Group that the final product or outcome of the project meets the acceptance criteria.   Another fact to be incognizant of are budget discrepancies. Budget discrepancies are one of the most difficult challenges to deal with when closing down a project because PMs

Understanding Property Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Property Markets - Essay Example Understanding Property Markets On the other hand, real GDP is computed by dividing the nominal GDP by the price index or inflation for that year. That makes it real because it is being adjusted for the price level at the time of measurement. The pattern of nominal and real GDP showed that there was an increasing GDP from 1948 to 2008 but a little decrease in the next years. The gap between the nominal and real GDP shows the difference in the price level over the years. As the graph shows, the large gap between the red and blue curves means that there was a high rate of inflation during those years. So, when even if nominal GDP is reported at high volumes, once it is adjusted to the high price index it will result to lower real GDP. The estimates of the long-run annual growth rates of nominal and real GDP will help us determine the future growth rate of UK economy. We can also see how the UK economy is expected to perform in the coming years through these estimates. This will also help other sectors of the economy in deciding about their participation in the economic activities. As the estimates show rising growth rates, we can speculate that UK economy is also in rising position as to economic growth is concerned. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United Kingdom expanded 0.70 percent in the last quarter of 2010 over the previous quarter. From 1955 until 2010 The United Kingdom's average quarterly GDP Growth was 0.59 percent reaching an historical high of 5.30 percent in March of 1973 and a record low of -2.50 percent in March of 1974.... Economic fluctuations and economic growth are related (McConnell,Brue, p. 114, 2005). During recessions, consumer spending is reduced or lower but in economy’s recovering period income can be increased as production also increases. The manufacturing sector is being driven by exports, not least to the growth areas on the far side of the globe, but the service sector is suffering from a lack of confidence with consumer spending being reined in (www.bbc.co.uk, 2011). From the figures given, we can say that the real GDP can fall because of the small standard deviation. Standard deviation is used to measure the volatility of the business cycle or economic fluctuations. As business cycles become less volatile, economic growth is also in slower rate. But if the volatility will be higher, the economy will be in good position. The graph shows the UK quarterly growth rate in percentage. The quarterly percentage change marked at positive rate shows the increasing rate of outputs of goods and services. This may be the times of peak for an economy. For during these times the economy is at full employment, real output is at economy’s capacity and prices may be at high level. But quarterly percentage change marked at negative may present the economy’s recession. This means that at these times there is no economic growth attained because of decreasing output or real GDP. Contrary to the peak phase, recession may bring output at its lowest level. But if the economy can recover, the output may rise again through the increase in production and price levels. Annual economic growth rate can be examined through the annual changes in real and nominal GDP. These changes can tell us about the economy’s level of performance

Self-Defense Is Not Just A Physical Technique Essay

Self-Defense Is Not Just A Physical Technique - Essay Example Self-defense lessons also offer women an unusual chance to discover the wide range of sentiments that frequently happen when we begin to recognize the altitude of aggression in our culture. It is an outstanding vehicle for discovering annoyance, sorrow, and terror, and for patter into the delight that arrives from finding your tone and determines your personal inner supremacy. As the law of self-defense has evolved, it has become recognition of our right to defend ourselves with lethal force when we reasonably believe we are confronted with an imminent threat, which threat we did not create and from which we cannot retreat with safety. Under those circumstances, the law is ready to justify, as self-defense, conduct that otherwise would be considered criminal (Women Self Defense, Online). Traditionally, self-defense has been defined as "the act of defending one's person when physically attacked, as by countering blows or overcoming an assailant" (Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989). This definition, if strictly followed, would narrow the scope of instructional content to contain only the psychomotor learning domain. Holistic physical education instructional units must additionally account for the cognitive and affective learning spheres. Therefore, a conservatively modern understanding of self-defense must be adopted-- a task that can prove challenging due to the diversity of self-defense curricula (Mencken, Pg 113-114). Self-defense is only designed to be used defensively, never as an offensive weapon. Beyond that, if there are other means of protection available, the law directs us to use those rather than choosing to defend with deadly force. There are numerous institutes where teachings of self-defense are given. Some are specially meant for the courses given particularly for women, they may include some as follows: Home Safety Precautions Internet Safety Precautions Dating Safety Precautions Parking Lot Safety Precautions Walking Home from School Safety Precautions Outdoor Exercise Safety Precautions Socializing Precautions Sexuality Concepts Bystander Effect Drugs/Alcohol/Date-Rape Drugs Trusting Your Intuition Awareness of Physical Surroundings Statistics on Violence/Crime Trusting Strangers Dog Attacks (Jacobs and Ogle, Pg 13-14) Elements Of Self-Defense Self-defense is planned to operate as a shield, not a sword. For that reason, rules have developed historically requiring a showing that the person claiming to have employed self-defense was not acting as the aggressor but was, instead, defending next to imminent attack. It is virtually indisputable that as a general rule one should not be allowed exoneration by striking out preemptively, claiming that a future attack would have occurred had it not been thwarted. But battered women cases force us to reexamine the rules that have grown up to support the principle that self-defense is only defensive in that strict temporal sense. (Jacobs and Ogle, Pg 99) State Of Mind In my view, frame of mind and psychological approach is the supreme component of any personal Target Hardening policy. One has to make a decision at the instant that one is the marauder; that someone is the conqueror.

Is it possible for employees to be provided with an effective voice Essay

Is it possible for employees to be provided with an effective voice within an organisation pursuing unitary Human Resource Management policies and practices - Essay Example ice can also refer to the two-way communication between the employers and employees which if managed properly can reduce both exit costs and transaction costs for both the parties involved. Thus, in the modern day scenario, employee voice has emerged as a type of contractual mechanism of governance which causes mutual benefits for the employer and employee groups. This report deals with the analysis of the prospect that whether the use of unitary human resource management practices and policies within an organization can support the propagation of the voice of the employees of the organization. The discussion includes a formal definition of the term employee voice and the analysis of the different ways and mechanisms of propagating the voice of the employees in an organizational setting. The various formal and informal mechanisms of promoting employee voice are studied and analyzed with respect to the unitary method of human resource management. The overview of the unitary methods of human resource management is discussed along with the advantages and shortcomings of the unitary HRM approach as compared to the pluralist HRM approach. Also, the importance of employee voice in contemporary business organizations, the tradeoffs between democracy and control, and the various internal and external factors affecting the voice of employees in a comp any as well as the government approaches related to employee voice in different countries are studied and analyzed. The relation between employee involvement and employee participation and organizational growth and success is also touched upon in the report. For a suitable analysis, comparisons are drawn between the unitary and the pluralist human resource management approaches by analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of both the approaches. The report is suitably concluded by inferring whether the unitary perspective of human resource management is applicable in the contemporary organization with respect to employee relations

Team and Group Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team and Group Paper - Essay Example The word group refers to a collection or crowd of people who have something in common, for instance they know each other, they have a common interest or because of either gender, sex or other similarities. Furthermore, most groups are headed by a leader to whom everyone in the group is accountable to and the group’s goal is actually one furnished by the leader. On the other hand, a team is a collection of people who have specific roles in the team and who work together in order to achieve certain specific goals. The members of a team are accountable to each other and to the group (Parco, 2007). There are several differences between a team and a group. For instance, groups are easier to form than teams, because teams needed internal structures and the careful selection of members in order for goals to be achieved. Other differences include the fact that in teams everyone contributes in decision-making and problem-solving, while in a group the leader dictates everything, in a te am, there are shared responsibilities and decisions are made through a consensus, while in a group, the leader is in charge of everything and makes every decision, which have to be followed by the group members, in a team, every team member’s view point is considered, while in a group only the team leader’s view point is considered important.

An analysis of factors leading to failure of small businesses in The Dissertation

An analysis of factors leading to failure of small businesses in The Amur Region, Far East Russia - Dissertation Example This publication is important in outlining the background of the Russian policies for small businesses as well as the current business landscape in the country. For instance, there is the discourse devoted on how the business and entrepreneurship climate are currently difficult as demonstrated by the small number of small firms, the low levels of fixed capital investment as well as the capital flight that supposedly exceeded an estimated $15 billion annually. (p. 73) With this OECD (2002) report, several general factors are clearly identified that led to the successes and failures of small enterprises in Russia. In investigating the Amur experience, the corpus of literature of the regional business landscape is essential in depicting the dynamics of setting up and running businesses from policy standpoint as well as from cases of entrepreneurial outcomes. A World Bank research group argued that local government policies are crucial in the growth of small enterprises and that the â₠¬Å"regional data on small enterprises per thousand residents is considered an adequate proxy for local government support for small businesses.† (De Melo, Ofer and World Bank 1999, p10) Several regional cases were identified, compared and assessed. The outcome is an extensive investigation on policy differences, policy reforms, among other economic and political variables that were effectively linked to business performances. Extensive discussion of universal policy areas that cover small-sized businesses are also available in the publication, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship High-Growth Enterprises: What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference. Specific indicators on entrepreneurship that have been derived by OECD from qualitative information on laws and regulations, among other related sources could be adopted by this study at it provided clear roadmap in effectively surveying national and local administrations. These indicators and the methodologies employed to ide ntify them are contained in the OECD’s report called Measuring Innovation (2010). More recent research covering Vladimir Putin’s regime include Ganske’s (2008) book on Russia’s political economy. This work cited the economic reforms that are currently in place as well as several important factors that make small firms fail such as adverse local regulations (licensing, certification, tax inspections, fire inspections and sanitary inspections) and tax policies. (p16) This latter point was further expounded by Sakwa (2004), who argued that although Putin sought to tackle the bureaucratization of the economic landscape and that so far only two large cities have demonstrated some semblance of business dynamism, Moscow and St. Petersburg. (p. 206) Fish (2005) devoted much of his work on documenting the challenges of the effect of bureaucracy on small businesses. The research done by Dana et al. is an excellent resource on current business statistics in Russia s ince it contains critical examination of the data, particularly the numbers, which according to the authors tend to be inflated. One of the reasons given for this argument is that small business owners often â€Å"force onto de facto employees the status of individual entrepreneurs for tax purposes.†

ZAPPOS the largest online shoe retailer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ZAPPOS the largest online shoe retailer - Essay Example It achieves a competitive advantage over its rivals through the loyalty business strategy and the liaison marketing that is embraces. The key source that contributes to the growth and development of Zappos.com is the recurring customers and the oral recommendations from consumers that receive quality services. Over its course of operation, this company has over 75% of recurring consumers. The customer service has a better reputation that is augmented by the online trust drivers that the company utilizes in increasing its loyalty, credibility, and trust among others towards the buyers. Internet marketing has tremendous influenced the welfare of this organization. I used to navigate through the website aimlessly and after I was assigned the task of searching its validity, I had to evaluate its website in order to ensure that, it is a reliable website and one could place an order with ease. In my evaluation, I consulted various scholars, researchers, peer-reviewed sources, and so forth in order to determine the forces behind Zappos.com being the largest online shoe retailer. Online trust was the key aspect that enhanced the wellbeing of Zappos.com (Cheskin/Sapient Report, 1999). It is essential to adopt an acceptable definition of trust before commencing on this topic. According to† (Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt and Camerer, 1998, p. 395), â€Å"Trust is an emotional state that comprises the aim to accept the liability established on the positive anticipations of behaviors of another†. Trust entails the enthusiasm to agree to the susceptibility, but with hope that a person can depend on the other party (Lewicki et. al. 1998; Moorman, Zaltman & Deshpande, 1992; Morgan and Hunt, 1994). In internet marketing, trust is perceived in lieu of relationship marketing (Doney and Cannon 1997; Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987; Ganesan 1994; Ganesan and Hess 1997; Morgan and Hunt 1994). In addition, in studying the Buyer –seller interactions, trust between the two perso ns takes time and depends on the observations that the buyer makes on the seller’s, consistency, constancy and credibility (Anderson and Narus, 1990; Doney and Cannon, 1997; Gane san, 1994). This view is unswerving with the behavioral reliance proposed by Schlosser, White, and Lloyd, 2003). Online trust, or rather the trust on the internet, greatly differs from offline trust in significant ways. As opposed to the offline trust, the key thing in online trust in the website, application of internet in transactions and the technology used. The website used by a firm can make a good foundation in building the customers trust, and thus enhancing the reputation of the seller (Jarvenpaa et al. 2000). The manner in which a customer would relate to an offline seller is similar to his/her dealing with a website and customers develop views of trust in a website depending on their relationship with the website. To the degree that a customer develops some positive impact about a website a nd accept liability, he/she must develop some trust with the website. The customers view pertaining to the competence of a website to carry out its purpose, and its perception in offering quality services behind the online business is contributive to his/her insight of trust in the website. In this context, online trust comprises customer perceptions of the way the site would deliver based on the expectations of the customer, and the authenticity of the information and self-assurance of the site. There are various perceptions driven by numerous precursors. Effects of Drivers of Online Trust Even though, online trusts have numerous potential antecedents and impacts, as detailed by Shankar et al. (2002), based on

Mental Disorder and Mental Health Problems Essay Example for Free

Mental Disorder and Mental Health Problems Essay This unit aims to provide the learner with knowledge of the main forms of mental health problems according to the psychiatric classification system. Learners also consider the strengths and limitations of this model and look at alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The focus of the unit is on understanding the different ways in which mental health problems impact on the individual and others in their social network. It also considers the benefits of early intervention in promoting mental health and well-being. Credit Level 3 3 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Describe the main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system: mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, cognitive disorders 1.2 Explain the key strengths and limitations of the psychiatric classification system see more:psychiatric (dsm/icd) classification system 1.3 Explain two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress 1.4 Explain how mental ill health may be indicated through an individual’s emotions, thinking and behaviour 2. Know the impact of mental ill health on individuals and others in their social network 2.1 Explain how individuals experience discrimination due to misinformation, assumptions and stereotypes about mental ill health 2.2 Explain how mental ill health may have an impact on the individual including: a. psychological and emotional b. practical and financial c. the impact of using services d. social exclusion e. positive impacts Learning outcomes The learner will: 1. Know the main forms of mental ill health 2.3 Explain how mental ill health may have an impact on those in the individual’s familial, social or work network including: a. psychological and emotional b. practical and financial c. the impact of using services d. social exclusion e. positive impacts 2.4 Explain the benefits of early intervention in promoting an individual’s mental health and well-being Notes for Guidance In learning outcome 1, assessment criterion 1, learners are asked to describe ‘the main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system’. Learners should demonstrate knowledge of how types of mental health are categorised by their main signs and symptoms and how the system attempts to draw a line between mental health and mental disorder. Learners do not need to demonstrate detailed knowledge of each form of disorder within each category.

Aims of Education Essay Example for Free

Aims of Education Essay Education has been conceived so variously in human history, especially in term of its aims. Chopra (2005) defines the term ‘Aims’ as: â€Å"Long-term ambitions which may or may not be achieved, but which provide personal motivation and direction† (p.16). Perhaps more than other aspects of human existence, it is education which lends a direction to human efforts through a certain underlying ‘philosophy’: â€Å"a set of ideas about the nature of reality and about the meaning of life† (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 130). However, aims of education depend on the philosophy that prevails at the time of determining the aims of education. Different philosophies hold different views about the aims of education: â€Å"Certain philosophies have created narrow patriots. Others have produced cultured individuals. Some others are responsible for bringing up spiritual men and women† (Shahid, 2001, p. 110). In fact, a philosophy or an ideology serves as a back-bone in determining the objectives or end results of an education system. 2.Western Philosophy and Aims of Education If we sift the history of education in the West right from the time of Greeks to the present contemporary era we would come across the following major schools of thought influencing the aims of Education: 2.1. Idealism: Idealism is considered the oldest philosophy of Western culture, dating back to ancient Greece. Socrates (469-399 B.C.), one of the most honored philosophers and the earliest exponents of the idealistic school of thought looked upon the aim of education as not verbal instructions but to enable the individual, by developing in him the power of thought to acquire knowledge by himself, i.e. by self-realization. For this purpose, he presented the Dialectic Method/Socratic Method which is also called Question/Discussion Method. 2.2 Realism: Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), a student of Plato and great Greek philosopher, was the leading figure of this school of thought. He believed in â€Å"dualism − the tendency to view reality as composed of two constituent elements †¦ form and of matter† (Kneller, 1964, p. 37). Following are the main aims of education in Realism: Equipping students with knowledge and skill needed to understand and master their physical environment. Enabling students to adjust themselves with adult approved behaviour. (Shahid, 2001, p. 141) 2.3 Existentialism: Soren Kierkegaad (1813-1855) is considered the originator of Existentialism. Existentialists believe that the physical world has no inherent meaning apart from human experience. Existentialists believe that the main aim of education is to: â€Å"Develop authentic individuals who exercise freedom of choice and take responsibility of their action† (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139). 2.4 Marxism: The leading proponent of this school of thought was Karl Marx, an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and socialist revolutionary. He was famous for his analysis of history in terms of class struggles. The aims of education, according to Marxists, are: â€Å"Shape people and institutions; change material conditions of society, producing classless society† (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139). 2.5 Behaviorism: B. F. Skinner, is called the father of Behaviorism. According to this school of thought, the aim of education is to: â€Å"engineer environments that efficiently maximize learning† (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139). 2.6 Cognitivism: Cognition means the process of thinking and knowing. The aim of education, in cognitivists’ view, is to â€Å"develop thinking skills for lifelong self-directed learning† (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139). 2.7 Naturalism: â€Å"Naturalism is based on the assumption that nature is the whole of reality†(Kneller 68). Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778 ) was the exponent figure of this school of thought. Rousseau stressed that what is natural is good. According to Naturalists, following are the aims of education: (1) Self-expression; (2) Autonomous development individuality; (3) Improvement  of racial gains; (4) Preparation for the struggle for existence. (Shahid 125) 2.8 Pragmatism: According to the Pragmatists, â€Å"truth [is] a tentative assertion derived from human experience (Kneller 82). The leading figure of the pragmatic educational philosophy was John Dewey (1859-1952), an American educationist. He believed that the aim of education is to â€Å"Develop and apply practical knowledge and skills for life in a progressive democratic society† (McNergney Herbert 139). 2.9 Perennialism: Perennialists believe that education, like human nature, is a constant. The leading proponents of this philosophy were Hutchins and Adler. Accorging to McNergney Herbert, â€Å"the perennialists argue people are basically the same, regardless of where they live and who they are, thus all people need the same basic education† and that â€Å"education should consist of a fundamental grounding in history, language, mathematics, science, literature, and humanities†(147). 2.10 Essentinlism: Essentialism asserts that ‘Essence’ is prior to ‘Existence’ and that â€Å"education †¦ involves the learning of the basic skills, arts, and sciences that have been useful in the past and are likely to remain useful in the future† (Kneller 256). The exponent figure of this school was William C. Bagley. The aim of education, as the Essentialists hold, is the â€Å"Acquisition of culture; cultural literacy for personal benefit† (McNergney Herbert 139). 2.11 Social Reconstructionism: A key word to learn when trying to understand postmodern education is constructivism. The leading figures of this educational movement was George Counts. The reconstruction theory seeks to rebuild the society afresh. Its supporters believe that the role of education is to create a new social order that will fulfill the basic values of our culture and at the same time harmonize with the underlying social and economic forces of the modern world. According to them, the aim of education is to â€Å"Solve social problems and create a better world† (McNergney Herbert 139). 3. Islam and Aims of Education Like Western philosophies of education, Islam also holds a view on the aims of education. However, it presents an independent, unique and much broader framework of reality, knowledge, existence and values to which the aims of education have got a logical connection. As a revealed religion, there is an objective quality of the goals of education in Islam. 3.1 Philosophy in Islam: Philosophy gets its roots from the ancient Greece. It emphasizes on the search of truth with the help of human reason. It is known as ‘falsafa’ in Arabic. On the other hand, Islam is founded on the Word of Allah or the revealed knowledge. The way Islam came into contact with philosophy is explained by Fakhry (1997) in the following words: The rapid expansion of Muslim Arab civilization in the 100 years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad [SAW] brought the faith into close contact with Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Syrian and Indian cultures and certain elements of those cultures incorporated (sometimes on adapted form) into Islamic thought. However, ‘Islamic Philosophy’ takes its roots from the Holy Qur’an. 3.2Education in Islam: The term ‘education’, as finds its meaning in Western philosophy, does not correspond very closely to any one exclusive term in Arabic. In fact, there are three words which are normally translated as ‘education’_ one emphasizing knowledge; one growth to maturity and one the development of good manners. However, all these concepts aim at producing good Muslims with an understanding of the Islamic rules of behaviour and a strong knowledge of and commitment to the faith. Ashraf defines Islamic education as: an education which trains the sensibilities of pupils in such a manner that in their†¦approach to all kinds of knowledge they are governed by the deeply felt ethical values of Islam. They are trained and mentally so disciplined that they want to acquire knowledge not merely to satisfy an intellectual curiosity or just for material worldly benefit but to grow up as rational, righteous beings and to bring about the spiritual, moral and physical welfare of their families, their people and mankind. Their attitude derives from a deep faith in God and a wholehearted acceptance of a God-given moral  code. (Hussain Ashraf 1) 3.3 Aims of Education: Complete Submission to His Will: Islam means complete submission to the Supreme Being of Allah (SWT) and His Shariah. The sole purpose of mans creation as described in the Holy Quran is to worship Allah (SWT): ÙˆÙŽÙ…ÙŽØ § Ø ®Ã™Å½Ã™â€žÃ™Å½Ã™â€šÃ™â€™Ã˜ ªÃ™  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã˜ ¬Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™â€˜Ã™Å½ ÙˆÙŽØ §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã˜ §Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™â€™Ã˜ ³Ã™Å½ Ø §Ã™ Ã™â€žÃ™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã˜ § Ù„Ù Ã™Å Ã™Å½Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€™Ã˜ ¨Ã™ Ã˜ ¯Ã™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã™â€ Ã™ Ã¢â‚¬  And I have not created the Jinn and the men but that they may worship Me. (al-Zariyaat 51: 56) So, according to Islam, the purpose of the creation of humanity should also be the sole purpose, aim and objective of philosophy of Islamic education i.e. the complete, unconditional submission to the Supreme Will of Allah (SWT), the Almighty. As Rizavi puts it: Thus in Islamic creed, the idea of omnipresence of God permeates life in its totality †¦ God is everywhere and hence prayers can be said anywhere †¦ A Muslim is supposed to be in communion with God throughout his life — sitting on the prayer-rug, labouring in the field, defending his coun ­trys borders, in short, while doing anything and everything. (113) 3.4 ‘Taqwa’ (piety) and ‘Adl’ (justice) as the Cornerstones of Islamic Teachings: ‘Taqwa’ occupies a pivotal position in the aims of Islamic teachings. The Holy Qur’an considers it a requisite for getting Divine Guidance (‘Hidaya’): Ø °Ã™ °Ã™â€žÃ™ Ã™Æ'ÙŽ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ãš ªÃ™ Ã˜ ªÃ™ °Ã˜ ¨Ã™  Ù„ÙŽØ § Ø ±Ã™Å½Ã™Å Ã™â€™Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å½ Û›Ûš Ûâ€" Ù Ã™ Ã™Å Ã™â€™Ã™â€¡Ã™  Û›Ûš Ù‡Ù Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¹Ã™â€° لّÙ Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ ªÃ™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã™â€šÃ™ Ã™Å Ã™â€™Ã™â€ Ã™Å½Ã›â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  † â€Å"This is a perfect Book; there is no doubt in it; it is a guidance for the righteous† (al-Baqara 2: 2) Regarding â€Å"the sacrifices offered by the Muslims at the time of ‘Hajj’ or ‘Id al-Adha, the Quran clearly says that the flesh of animals sacrificed does not reach Allah; what reaches Him is the piety or ‘taqwa’ operated behind these teachings†(Rizavi 115). The Quran also gives us a clue to the achievement of ‘taqwa’ or excellence of character: Ø §Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€™Ã˜ ¯Ã™ Ã™â€žÃ™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã˜ § Ù‡Ù Ã™Ë†Ã™Å½ Ø §Ã™Å½Ã™â€šÃ™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™Å½Ã˜ ¨Ã™  Ù„Ù Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã™â€šÃ™â€™Ã™Ë†Ã™ °Ã™â€°Ã¢â‚¬Å'Ûâ€" â€Å"Be just: that is Next to piety† (al-Maidah 5: 8). In fact, â€Å"With respect to man †¦ justice means basically a condition and situation whereby he is in his right and proper place† (al-Attas 26). Thus, Islam aims at preparing such persons who are pious and just. 3.5Justice implies knowledge: Islam has made it obligatory on all believers to acquire knowledge. In the very first verses of the Quran, the prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) was instructed to read: Ø §Ã™â€šÃ™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™Å½Ã˜ §Ã™â€™ Ø ¨Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã˜ ³Ã™â€™Ã™â€¦Ã™  Ø ±Ã™Å½Ã˜ ¨Ã™â€˜Ã™ Ã™Æ'ÙŽ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã˜ °Ã™ Ã™â€°Ã™â€™ Ø ®Ã™Å½Ã™â€žÃ™Å½Ã™â€šÃ™Å½ â€Å"Convey thou in the name of thy Lord Who created Ø ®Ã™Å½Ã™â€žÃ™Å½Ã™â€šÃ™Å½ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã˜ §Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™â€™Ã˜ ³Ã™Å½Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã™Å½ Ù…Ù Ã™â€ Ã™â€™ Ø ¹Ã™Å½Ã™â€žÃ™Å½Ã™â€š Created man from a clot of blood. (al- ‘Alaq 96: 1-5) The best Islamic education must encompass the two traditional categories of knowledge, and the hierarchical relationship between them; revealed knowledge, attained through the religious sciences; and acquired knowledge, attained through the rational, intellectual and philosophical sciences. In Islam, both types of knowledge, the revealed and the acquired, contribute to the strengthening of faith, the former through the careful study of the revealed word of Allah SWT and the latter through the systematic study of the world of man and the universe. The Qur’an appeals constantly to reason and experiment which is a blessing indispensable to arrive at proper judgement. It invites directs the humans to study the reality. 3.6 Taqwa and Faith: The basic features of the Islamic constitution as embodied in the Quran Sunnah are the creed or doctrine (Aqeedah) or faith (trust and belief founded on authority) _ as belief in Allah SWT, faith in the prophet SAW and the basic attitude that all human activity should follow in the complete submission to Allah SWT. Islamic education has to inculcate these beliefs and attitudes in Muslim youth. The more comprehensive equivalent of ‘faith’ in the Arabic language is Iman derived from the root-word Amn which means freedom from fear, security, peace, satisfaction, trust, affirmation, acceptance of correctness and submission or resignation to truth. According  to the Holy Quran a Believer i.e. a Momin must have faith in (1) Allah, (2) The Hereafter, (3) The Unseen Clestial powers called Malaika (roughly translated as Angels), (4) The Book and (5) The holy prophets. (Haq 242) 3.7 ‘Ijtehad’: Side by side with the inculcation and strengthening of these basic values, Islamic education must create in the minds of Muslim youth an adaptability and a mechanism for adjustment to worldly matters. The Arabs were the first people to demonstrate such an adaptability during the prime of Islamic intellectual pre ­eminence. They acquired Greek learning, subjected it to investigation, experimentation and expansion in such diverse fields as algebra, geometry, astronomy, navigation, chemistry medicine and evolved the scientific principles of empiricism. This attitude extended into Europe in the fifteenth the sixteenth centuries as part of the Renaissance. The Islamic education system must now adopt the same scientific empiricism in worldly matters which the Muslims themselves invented but have forgotten during the past five centuries. The value of adaptability, experimentation and tolerance (as opposed to dogma) must be embodied in the new system. This will, in all probability, requi re the institution of ijtehad or interpretation of the Islamic law. An Islamic educational system is an integrating force and it prepares men for ijtehad where it is due. In the words of Iqbal: The teachings of the Quran that life is a process of progressive creation necessitates that each generation, guided but unhampered by the work of its predecessors, should be permitted to solve its own problems. (1989) 3.8 Action as Complementary to Faith: In Islam good actions are a requisite to faith. The Holy Qur’an says: † ÙˆÙŽØ §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã˜ ¹Ã™Å½Ã˜ µÃ™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™ Ã›â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"By the fleeting Time, Ø §Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™â€˜Ã™Å½ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã˜ §Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™â€™Ã˜ ³Ã™Å½Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã™Å½ Ù„ÙŽÙ Ã™ Ã™â€°Ã™â€™ Ø ®Ã™ Ã˜ ³Ã™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™ Ã›â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Surely, man is in a state of loss, Ø §Ã™ Ã™â€žÃ™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã˜ § Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã˜ °Ã™ Ã™Å Ã™â€™Ã™â€ Ã™Å½ Ø §Ã™ °Ã™â€¦Ã™Å½Ã™â€ Ã™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã˜ § ÙˆÙŽ Ø ¹Ã™Å½Ã™â€¦Ã™ Ã™â€žÃ™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã˜ § Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ™â€˜Ã™ °Ã™â€žÃ™ Ã˜ ­Ã™ °Ã˜ ªÃ™  † Except those who believe and do good works† (al-‘Asr 103: 1-3) 3.9 Enjoining Right and Forbidding Wrong: According to Haq, â€Å"It [Islam] is not only a ‘religion’ of the Muslims, in the usual sense of the word; it is their whole life. It encompasses all aspects of human life: social, cultural, economic, educational, spiritual, material, political, in fact, all. A cult of universal brotherhood must, of necessity, be highly organized. (244) What Islam aims to produce are sentient and committed individuals who work for the promotion of all that is good and the renunciation of all that is bad for the ultimate success of all human-beings. The Holy Qur’an says: ÙÆ'Ù Ã™â€ Ã™â€™Ã˜ ªÃ™ Ã™â€¦Ã™â€™ Ø ®Ã™Å½Ã™Å Ã™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™Å½ Ø §Ã™ Ã™â€¦Ã™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã˜ ©Ã™  Ø §Ã™ Ã˜ ®Ã™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™ Ã˜ ¬Ã™Å½Ã˜ ªÃ™â€™ Ù„Ù Ã™â€žÃ™â€ Ã™â€˜Ã™Å½Ã˜ §Ã˜ ³Ã™  Ø ªÃ™Å½Ã˜ §Ã™â€™Ã™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ ±Ã™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã™â€ Ã™Å½ Ø ¨Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã™â€¦Ã™Å½Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€™Ã˜ ±Ã™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã™ Ã™  ÙˆÙŽØ ªÃ™Å½Ã™â€ Ã™â€™Ã™â€¡Ã™Å½Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã™â€ Ã™Å½ Ø ¹Ã™Å½Ã™â€ Ã™  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€™Ã™â€¦Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™â€™Ã™Æ'ÙŽØ ±Ã™  ÙˆÙŽØ ªÃ™ Ã˜ ¤Ã™â€™Ã™â€¦Ã™ Ã™â€ Ã™ Ã™Ë†Ã™â€™Ã™â€ Ã™Å½ Ø ¨Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™â€žÃ™â€˜Ã™ °Ã™â€¡Ã™ Ã¢â‚¬Å' â€Å"You are the best people raised for the good of mankind; you enjoin what is good and forbid evil and believe in Allah† (Al-i-‘Imran 3:110) 3.10 Sincerity of Motive (‘niyyah’): According to Rizavi, â€Å"Islam gives due consideration to human weaknesses, and, therefore, accepts from a person whatever he may achieve, with the sincerity of motive† (117); and that â€Å"Motive (niyyah) is a serious factor in the acquisition of education. In fact, Islam judges all conduct according to its motives† (116). 4. Conclusion:  The aims of education stem from the kind of philosophy directing them. Western philosophy, in general, is this world-oriented, and divorced from revelation, its aims of education have been changing and varying from one approach to another; it ignores the true self of man (both physical and spiritual); its chief sources of knowledge are senses, reason and intuition which are deceivable and temporary; it neglects the final purpose of man; therefore, it fails to provide one single approach and thus leaves man into chaos and confusion. On the other hand, Islam, having a divine base, aiming to bring man closer to God and seek His plea sure as his ultimate aim, is characterized by clarity, realism, sublimity and singleness of direction; thus, offering a solution to all of man’s problems and giving him a right direction in this world. References The Holy Quran. al-Attas. ed. 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